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The Volumes seem great and they perform decently with the ZFS filesystem.
I timed loading a 2.7 GB mysql database to an LXD container backed by a ZFS filesystem created on an attached volume. It was 2.1X slower than loading the same database directly on the VPS.
I timed loading the same database on 5 different system setups, with the following relative times:
Here are the detailed results of using time with the script that loads a 2.7G mysql database:
Hetzner VPS CX11 1 vCPU, 2GB RAM
Intel Xeon Processor (Skylake, IBRS)
Ubuntu 18.04
real 6m46.966s
user 0m29.482s
sys 0m2.410s
Hetzner VPS CX11 1 vCPU, 2GB RAM + LXD
LXD container on ZFS filesystem on an attached Volume
Intel Xeon Processor (Skylake, IBRS)
Host: Ubuntu 18.04
Container: Ubuntu 16.04
real 14m32.561s
user 0m29.147s
sys 0m2.898s
Hetzner Dedicated Server, 16 GB RAM + LXD:
LXD container on ZFS mirrored magnetic disk filesystem
Intel(R) Xeon(R) CPU E3-1245 V2 @ 3.40GHz
Host: Ubuntu 18.04
Container: Ubuntu 16.04
real 11m0.787s
user 0m37.493s
sys 0m1.872s
(This server was also running about 30 other containers during the test, but not heavily loaded).
Amazon AWS t2.small 2GB RAM
Intel(R) Xeon(R) CPU E5-2676 v3 @ 2.40GHz
Ubuntu 18.04
real 7m4.754s
user 0m29.750s
sys 0m0.812s
Amazon AWS t2.small 2GB RAM + LXD
Intel(R) Xeon(R) CPU E5-2676 v3 @ 2.40GHz
LXD container on ZFS filesystem on an attached EBS Volume
Host: Ubuntu 18.04
Container: Ubuntu 16.04
real 35m0.417s
user 0m26.000s
sys 0m2.188s
I was surprised with the poor performance of ZFS on AWS, so I did the test again on a different AWS region:
real 34m50.913s
user 0m25.965s
sys 0m2.017s